lundi 21 mai 2012
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment is to verify how the systems in our body would respond to the increase of physical activity. There were 3 different stages, low physical activity (resting for 10 minutes), medium physical activity (walking for 5 minutes) and high physical activity (running for 5 minutes). Many metabolic parameters were measured such as; pulse, respiration rate, blood pressure, temperature and sweat. Many systems were working harder in our body when the physical activity got heavier such as the respiratory system and the nervous system.
mercredi 11 mai 2011
Introduction
"Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments.
Measure basic body metabolic parameters:
- pulse,
- respiration rate,
- blood pressure,
- temperature and sweat
The objective of this lab measures body metabolic mechanisms in response to different
levels of exercise: pulse, respiration rate, blood pressure, temperature (internal and
external) and sweat."
(Excercise Physiology: Circulation and Respiration and Excretions systems, AGRHS Science Level 3: Systems , document 2009.)
Measure basic body metabolic parameters:
- pulse,
- respiration rate,
- blood pressure,
- temperature and sweat
The objective of this lab measures body metabolic mechanisms in response to different
levels of exercise: pulse, respiration rate, blood pressure, temperature (internal and
external) and sweat."
(Excercise Physiology: Circulation and Respiration and Excretions systems, AGRHS Science Level 3: Systems , document 2009.)
samedi 8 mai 2010
Introduction; Procedure
The three different conditions of activity consisted:
- Having a student volunteer laying down at complete rest for ten minutes.
- Having a student volunteer do a light activity for five minutes.
- Having a student volunteer do intense activity for five minutes.
After each activity the metabolic rates were measured as quickly as possible using: oral
thermometer, ordinary thermometer, sphygmomanometer (blood pressure gauge), piece
of microscope tissue (for sweat), stethoscope.
- The oral thermometer should use cover slips and/or be disinfected with mouth wash before
each use.
- Having a student volunteer laying down at complete rest for ten minutes.
- Having a student volunteer do a light activity for five minutes.
- Having a student volunteer do intense activity for five minutes.
After each activity the metabolic rates were measured as quickly as possible using: oral
thermometer, ordinary thermometer, sphygmomanometer (blood pressure gauge), piece
of microscope tissue (for sweat), stethoscope.
- The oral thermometer should use cover slips and/or be disinfected with mouth wash before
each use.
Hypothesis
Not everybody reacts the same way to exercise
My hypothesis to this lab is that all the rates increase as the level of activity increases. The results for activity 1 will be farley low compared to the results for activity 3 especially for the heart beat and blood pressure. I think there will be a big difference between activity 1 and activity 3 because when you’re at rest, your body needs less energy and the body temperature shouldn’t increase, but when you’re in heavy physical activity you breathe faster as you your muscles will need more oxygen. Breathing faster will make your heart beat faster in order for the oxygenated-blood to go through all your body and since there is going to be more oxygen needed the heart will have to pump faster. The internal temperature, I think will not change at all, but the external temperature, in my opinion, will increase as the level of activity will get harder as more will be given off.
My hypothesis to this lab is that all the rates increase as the level of activity increases. The results for activity 1 will be farley low compared to the results for activity 3 especially for the heart beat and blood pressure. I think there will be a big difference between activity 1 and activity 3 because when you’re at rest, your body needs less energy and the body temperature shouldn’t increase, but when you’re in heavy physical activity you breathe faster as you your muscles will need more oxygen. Breathing faster will make your heart beat faster in order for the oxygenated-blood to go through all your body and since there is going to be more oxygen needed the heart will have to pump faster. The internal temperature, I think will not change at all, but the external temperature, in my opinion, will increase as the level of activity will get harder as more will be given off.
samedi 30 mai 2009
jeudi 21 mai 2009
Discussion
During this experiment, many systems responded when the level of activity went up as you can see in the results. If one system was not there nothing would work. All the systems need to be there for your body to survive. All the systems work together to make one, if one isn't present you wouldn't be able to live for a long time.
The respiration and pulse rate went up, as the level of activity got higher, which was expected. The reason why the respiration and pulse got higher is because when the muscles are in heavy activity they require more oxygen. Since the muscles require more oxygen and since the way oxygen travels through your body is through the blood, the subject had to breathe in deeper and faster to be able to provided more oxygen for the muscles. The heart rate increased because it had to pump faster to make all the oxygenated blood go through the veins and to the muscles.
Each cell in the muscles needed more oxygen when doing more work because of increased cellular respiration within the cell.
Each cell also required glucose which is part of cellular respiration.
Two substances produced during cellular respiration are carbon dioxide and water. The cellular respiration formula is C6H12O6 + 6O2 ‡ 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy.
Blood is the transport system for oxygen, glucose, carbon dioxide and part of the water. Blood is made up of plasma (55% of the blood), red blood cells white bloods cells and platelets.
Oxygen in the blood is carried by a system of tubules made-up of
arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. Oxygen diffuses from the high concentration in the arterial capillaries into the area of low concentration in the cell. Oxygen attaches itself to the erythrocytes that are red blood cells. Erythrocytes contain hemoglobin, which is a molecule that contains an iron atom. Oxygen binds itself to that iron atom.
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the high concentration in the cells into the area of low concentration in capillaries around the cell.
The capillaries carry the blood rich in carbon dioxide to the venules
and then to the veins. The veins carry the carbon dioxide to the upper and lower vena cava that lead into the right atrium, then to the right ventricle. Then, the carbon dioxide goes to the alveoli and then it reaches the bronchioles. After it goes up in the trachea, into the epiglottis where the carbon dioxide is getting out of the body from the nose or mouth.
Receptors, such as the one in the aorta, detect the rise in carbon
dioxide in the body as the blood leaves the left ventricle. The
carbon dioxide receptor examines the level of carbon dioxide in the blood. The receptor sends a signal to respiratory centre in response to an increase or decrease in the levels of carbon dioxide.
The respiratory centre is located in the medulla oblongata at the base of the brain.
The respiratory centre , which is part of the central nervous system
and part of the autonomous nervous system, sends a signal to the
muscles involved with respiration such as the intercostal muscles in the rib cage and the diaphragm to work faster if the levels of carbon dioxide have increased. These signals occur very quickly. During the intense activity level the abdominal muscles were also activated by the respiratory system. This was not part of the procedures so in the next repetition of the experiment this should be included in the procedures as one of the variables to observe.
As the muscles around the lungs contract, they enlarge the area around the lungs. The enlarged area around the lungs decreases the pressure in the lungs. The pressure outside the body is greater at that point than in the lungs so air from the outside is forced into the lungs by the difference in pressure. As the muscles relax and return to their original positions, the higher pressure on the lungs forces air from the lungs into the air.
The lungs are comprised of two main sections. The left and the right lungs. Air from the outside enters through the nose and mouth and then through the trachea. During inspiration, the diaphragm moves downward and becomes flatter and the rib cage expends. When the rib cage expends, it creates a small vacuum in the lungs and to equalize the pressure, the air is sucked in.
The results in the experiment indicate that both respiration and pulse increased with higher activity levels. The mean results support the hypothesis. The range in the results can be explained by different levels of strenuous activities, some requiring more oxygen, and by different levels of fitness among the subjects.
It would be worthwhile to add a further dimension to the experiment by analyzing how long it takes the body to resume the normal pulse and respiration to determine when oxygen levels returned back to normal. The hypothesis would be the faster that the subject's pulse and respiration returned to normal, the better
is the subject's cardiovascular and pulmonary systems. Another
addition to the experiment would be to have some subjects inhale
oxygen. The hypothesis would be that the subjects inhaling oxygen would return to their normal pulse and respiration rates faster than subjects who were not provided with oxygen.
The experiment could also test the level of carbon dioxide produced at the different levels of activity. This can be measured by having the subjects blow through a straw into lime water. Lime water turns murky white in the presence of carbon dioxide as done in a previous experiment this year. The faster the lime water turned milky white, the more carbon dioxide the subject must be exhaling.
The nervous system is very important. The nervous system are tuns of nerve cells and nerve fibers spread throughout the human body. The nervous system's role is to interpret, store, and respond to information received from inside and outside the body. The central nervous system, consists of the brain and spinal cord, which is responsible for processing information gathered from the rest of the nerves and transmitting instructions to the body. Messages passing from and to the central nervous system are carried by the nerves of the peripheral nervous system. This system has twelve pairs of cranial nerves and thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves. The cranial nerves and the spinal nerves control voluntary movements and sensations. The nervous system, consisting of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers, controls things in our bodies without us realizing it such as; the heart beat or us breathing while we're asleep. If the nervous system wasn't there for the intense activity, your sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibres would not have been there to tell your heart to pump faster or to tell you to breathe faster, which would probably lead to death because if your heart beat didn't increase then your muscles would not be receiving as much oxygen as it needs as the oxygenated blood would not be able to travel to the muscles fast enough and would probably not be oxygenated enough. The blood wouldn't be oxygenated enough because, your nervous system wouldn't have been there to make you breathe faster and deeper to bring in enough oxygen in your body.
The excretory system is also important. The excretory system is crucial to the body because the waste is poisonous, and if not disposed it would be really bad for you. In our experiment, the excretory system was used because for the intense activity many people were sweating, some more than others. The role of sweat (99% water and the other 1% is uric, NaCl acid, urea, ammonia, Vitamin C and lactic acid) is to help cool down the body temperature when the body reaches a high temperature.
The result for external temperature at rest was the lowest of the 3 level of activity. This is normal because at rest, your systems are not working that much as it is not needed. Surprisingly, the average result of external temperature for mild activity was higher to then the average of heavy activity. This may be because the subjects at mild activity did not have any sweat. Heat was exposed, so the temperature went up, but at heavy activity the subjects had a lot of sweat and the sweat (doing its job) was cooling down the temperature, therefore bringing the heavy activity external temperature lower than the mild activity temperature.
The respiration and pulse rate went up, as the level of activity got higher, which was expected. The reason why the respiration and pulse got higher is because when the muscles are in heavy activity they require more oxygen. Since the muscles require more oxygen and since the way oxygen travels through your body is through the blood, the subject had to breathe in deeper and faster to be able to provided more oxygen for the muscles. The heart rate increased because it had to pump faster to make all the oxygenated blood go through the veins and to the muscles.
Each cell in the muscles needed more oxygen when doing more work because of increased cellular respiration within the cell.
Each cell also required glucose which is part of cellular respiration.
Two substances produced during cellular respiration are carbon dioxide and water. The cellular respiration formula is C6H12O6 + 6O2 ‡ 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy.
Blood is the transport system for oxygen, glucose, carbon dioxide and part of the water. Blood is made up of plasma (55% of the blood), red blood cells white bloods cells and platelets.
Oxygen in the blood is carried by a system of tubules made-up of
arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. Oxygen diffuses from the high concentration in the arterial capillaries into the area of low concentration in the cell. Oxygen attaches itself to the erythrocytes that are red blood cells. Erythrocytes contain hemoglobin, which is a molecule that contains an iron atom. Oxygen binds itself to that iron atom.
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the high concentration in the cells into the area of low concentration in capillaries around the cell.
The capillaries carry the blood rich in carbon dioxide to the venules
and then to the veins. The veins carry the carbon dioxide to the upper and lower vena cava that lead into the right atrium, then to the right ventricle. Then, the carbon dioxide goes to the alveoli and then it reaches the bronchioles. After it goes up in the trachea, into the epiglottis where the carbon dioxide is getting out of the body from the nose or mouth.
Receptors, such as the one in the aorta, detect the rise in carbon
dioxide in the body as the blood leaves the left ventricle. The
carbon dioxide receptor examines the level of carbon dioxide in the blood. The receptor sends a signal to respiratory centre in response to an increase or decrease in the levels of carbon dioxide.
The respiratory centre is located in the medulla oblongata at the base of the brain.
The respiratory centre , which is part of the central nervous system
and part of the autonomous nervous system, sends a signal to the
muscles involved with respiration such as the intercostal muscles in the rib cage and the diaphragm to work faster if the levels of carbon dioxide have increased. These signals occur very quickly. During the intense activity level the abdominal muscles were also activated by the respiratory system. This was not part of the procedures so in the next repetition of the experiment this should be included in the procedures as one of the variables to observe.
As the muscles around the lungs contract, they enlarge the area around the lungs. The enlarged area around the lungs decreases the pressure in the lungs. The pressure outside the body is greater at that point than in the lungs so air from the outside is forced into the lungs by the difference in pressure. As the muscles relax and return to their original positions, the higher pressure on the lungs forces air from the lungs into the air.
The lungs are comprised of two main sections. The left and the right lungs. Air from the outside enters through the nose and mouth and then through the trachea. During inspiration, the diaphragm moves downward and becomes flatter and the rib cage expends. When the rib cage expends, it creates a small vacuum in the lungs and to equalize the pressure, the air is sucked in.
The results in the experiment indicate that both respiration and pulse increased with higher activity levels. The mean results support the hypothesis. The range in the results can be explained by different levels of strenuous activities, some requiring more oxygen, and by different levels of fitness among the subjects.
It would be worthwhile to add a further dimension to the experiment by analyzing how long it takes the body to resume the normal pulse and respiration to determine when oxygen levels returned back to normal. The hypothesis would be the faster that the subject's pulse and respiration returned to normal, the better
is the subject's cardiovascular and pulmonary systems. Another
addition to the experiment would be to have some subjects inhale
oxygen. The hypothesis would be that the subjects inhaling oxygen would return to their normal pulse and respiration rates faster than subjects who were not provided with oxygen.
The experiment could also test the level of carbon dioxide produced at the different levels of activity. This can be measured by having the subjects blow through a straw into lime water. Lime water turns murky white in the presence of carbon dioxide as done in a previous experiment this year. The faster the lime water turned milky white, the more carbon dioxide the subject must be exhaling.
The nervous system is very important. The nervous system are tuns of nerve cells and nerve fibers spread throughout the human body. The nervous system's role is to interpret, store, and respond to information received from inside and outside the body. The central nervous system, consists of the brain and spinal cord, which is responsible for processing information gathered from the rest of the nerves and transmitting instructions to the body. Messages passing from and to the central nervous system are carried by the nerves of the peripheral nervous system. This system has twelve pairs of cranial nerves and thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves. The cranial nerves and the spinal nerves control voluntary movements and sensations. The nervous system, consisting of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers, controls things in our bodies without us realizing it such as; the heart beat or us breathing while we're asleep. If the nervous system wasn't there for the intense activity, your sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibres would not have been there to tell your heart to pump faster or to tell you to breathe faster, which would probably lead to death because if your heart beat didn't increase then your muscles would not be receiving as much oxygen as it needs as the oxygenated blood would not be able to travel to the muscles fast enough and would probably not be oxygenated enough. The blood wouldn't be oxygenated enough because, your nervous system wouldn't have been there to make you breathe faster and deeper to bring in enough oxygen in your body.
The excretory system is also important. The excretory system is crucial to the body because the waste is poisonous, and if not disposed it would be really bad for you. In our experiment, the excretory system was used because for the intense activity many people were sweating, some more than others. The role of sweat (99% water and the other 1% is uric, NaCl acid, urea, ammonia, Vitamin C and lactic acid) is to help cool down the body temperature when the body reaches a high temperature.
The result for external temperature at rest was the lowest of the 3 level of activity. This is normal because at rest, your systems are not working that much as it is not needed. Surprisingly, the average result of external temperature for mild activity was higher to then the average of heavy activity. This may be because the subjects at mild activity did not have any sweat. Heat was exposed, so the temperature went up, but at heavy activity the subjects had a lot of sweat and the sweat (doing its job) was cooling down the temperature, therefore bringing the heavy activity external temperature lower than the mild activity temperature.
lundi 21 mai 2007
Conclusion
The purpose of the experiment was to see how the systems would respond during, rest, mild physical activity and heavy physical activity. The metabolic parameters (heart rate, respiration rate, BP systolic/diastolic etc…) were also recorded for every different level of activity.
If one of systems were missing, then nothing would work in our body. All the systems work together to make one whole system that is able to make you live. My hypothesis was rejected, but also supported at the same time because not everything that I stated happened, but some of it did. My hypothesis was supported because 3 of the metabolic parameters' results were highest at the third activity and lowest at the first activity. My hypothesis was at the same rejected because the other graphs did not do as I mentioned, especially the external and internal temperature.
If one of systems were missing, then nothing would work in our body. All the systems work together to make one whole system that is able to make you live. My hypothesis was rejected, but also supported at the same time because not everything that I stated happened, but some of it did. My hypothesis was supported because 3 of the metabolic parameters' results were highest at the third activity and lowest at the first activity. My hypothesis was at the same rejected because the other graphs did not do as I mentioned, especially the external and internal temperature.
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